Getting the“side-eye”look from your dog can make it seem like they are making a judgement about you, and some news studies suggest they really could be.
与你的狗狗交换“剜眼”看的时候，似乎他们在对你做出评判，一些最新研究表明他们可能真的在评判你。

The ability to judge others’intentions is an indicator of possessing “theory of mind”which was once thought to be unique to humans. However, new studies have shown that dogs can read human behaviour and have a preference to people who are more friendly or generous with food.
判断他人意图的能力是拥有“心灵理论”的指标，曾经被认为是人类独有的。然而，新的研究表明，狗可以解读人类行为，并偏爱那些对他们更友好或慷慨的人。

One such study published in 2023 aimed to see if dogs can tell the difference between humans who are “unwilling”or “unable”to give them a treat .96 dogs were involved in both “unwilling”or“unable”scenarios(情景) designed for the study.Both scenario s involved a dog being placed on one side of a glass screen with small holes in it at nose-height, and an experimenter standing on the other. In the’unwilling’scenario, the experimenter would hang a piece of sausage in front of the screen in a ‘teasing’(戏耍的) manner, and approach one of the holes. But instead of passing it through the hole to the dog. they would then pull it out of its reach. For the “unable”scenario, the experimenter would again move the treat towards the hole while the dog watched, but“accidentally”drop it before they could pass it through.
2023年发表的一项研究旨在探究狗是否能区分“不愿意”还是“无法”给它们食物的人。该研究纳入了96只狗，设计了“不愿意”或“无法”情景供研究。在这两种情景中，狗被放置在一个玻璃屏幕的一侧，屏幕上有鼻子高度的小孔，另一侧站着一名实验者。在“不愿意”情景中，实验者会以一种“挑逗”的方式在屏幕前晃动一块香肠，并靠近一个孔。但他们不会把它递给狗，而是将其拿开，让狗无法接触。在“无法”情景中，实验者再次将食物移向孔的时候，但在通过之前“不小心”把它掉在了地板上。

The researchers observed that the dogs were much more patient, making more eye contact and staying closer to the screen after the “unable”scenario played out. In the “unwilling”scenario, however, the dogs looked at the experimenter less often, sat, lay down and wandered around more frequently.
研究人员观察到，在“无法”情景发生后，狗更加耐心，会更频繁地注视实验者，保持更靠近屏幕。然而，在“不愿意”情景中，狗看实验者的次数较少，更容易坐下、躺下和四处转悠。

Another study from 2021 tested for “the ory of mind”in dogs in a similar way, but the dogs were able to walk round the screen to obtain the treat after witnessing the experimenter’s “unwilling”or“unable”behaviour. The main finding was that the dogs approached the experimenter significantly sooner in the unable scenario than in the unwilling scenario.
2021年的另一项研究以类似的方式测试了狗的“心灵理论”，但是狗在见证实验者“不愿意”或“无法”行为后可以绕过屏幕获取食物。主要发现是，在“无法”情景中，狗比在“不愿意”情景中更快地接近实验者。

However, the researchers of the 2023 study challenged that the food dropped on the floor in the clumsy(笨拙的) manner might have motivated the dogs to approach the experimenter considering that they probably often obtain food dropped on the floor in their daily lives.
然而，2023年研究的研究人员质疑说，饭菜被笨拙地掉在地板上可能会激励狗接近实验者，考虑到它们在日常生活中经常捡食物从地板上拿。

Now, more evidence has been provided that dogs distinguish between similar actions associated with different intentions. But how exactly they acquire such intention-reading abilities will be an exciting topic for future research.
现在，更多的证据表明狗可以区分与不同意图相关的类似行为。但是狗究竟能够如何获得这种读取意图的能力，将是未来研究的一个令人兴奋的课题。

1. What is one of the new research findings according to Paragraph 2?
   A. Dogs also have “theory of mind”.
   B. Dogs prefer food from generous people.
   C. Human behaviour s are mostly intentional.
   D. Friendly animals can get food more easily.
   答案：A

2. What did the experimenter do in the“unwilling”scenario in the 2023 study?
   A. They acted awkwardly while feeding the dog.
   B. They pretended to walk slowly away from the dog.
   C. They teased the dog by fixing the treat to the screen.
   D. They pulled the sausage beyond the dog’s reach.
   答案：D

3. How did the dogs of the 2023 study respond to the “unable”behaviour?
   A. By moving closer to the experimenter.
   B. By keeping wandering around.
   C. By ignoring the experimenter.
   D. By lying still on the floor.
   答案：A

4. How does the experiment design of the 2021 study differ from that of 2023?
   A. The dogs can watch the experimenter.
   B. The dogs can go to the other side of the screen.
   C. The dogs’responses are under close observation.
   D. The dogs’habitual behaviors are under analysis.
   答案：B

5. What do the dogs’different responses in“unwilling”and“unable”scenarios suggest?
   A. Dogs can tell “being friendly”from “being mean”.
   B. Dogs’intelligence is gradually evolving.
   C. Dogs’intentions can be easily identified.
   D. Dogs are a lot more emotional than other animals.
   答案：A