PRACTITIONERS
从事医学的女医师们面临着怀疑。

Jacqueline Felic de Almania(c. 1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明)of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.
雅各琳·菲利克·德·阿尔马尼亚（约公元1322年）强调了女性从事医学所面临的怀疑。 出生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，她搬到巴黎，在那里担任医生并进行手术。 1322年，她因非法从事医学而受审。尽管法庭听取了关于她作为医生的能力的证词，她还是被禁止从事医学。

Tan Yunxian (1461-1554) was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve a apprenticeships (学徒期)with doctors. However, Tan passed the official exam. Tan treated women from all walks of life. In 1511Tan wrote a book, sayings of Female Doctor, describing her life as physician.
谭云贤（公元1461-1554）是一位中国医生，她从祖父母那里学习了医术。当时的中国妇女无法跟医生学徒期。 但是，谭通过了官方考试。 谭治疗各行各业的妇女。 1511年，谭写了一本书，名为《女医生的言论》，描述了她作为医生的生活。

James Barry (c. 1789-1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man, she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine She qualified as a surgeon in 1813, then joined the British Army,
詹姆斯·巴里（约1789-1865年）出生在爱尔兰，但她以男装的姿态被爱丁堡大学接纳进修医学。她在1813年取得外科医生资格，然后加入了英国军队。

serving overseas. Barry retired in 1859, having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
服役海外。巴里于1859年退休，整个医学生涯中都以男性身份生活和工作。

Rebecca Lee Crumpler (1831-1895) worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860. Four years later, she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree. She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.
蕾贝卡·李·克伦普勒（1831-1895年）在做了八年护士后，于1860年在波士顿的医学院学习。四年后，她成为第一位获得医学学位的非洲裔美国女性。她于1865年搬到弗吉尼亚，在那里为获得自由的奴隶提供医疗护理。

21, What did Jacqueline and James have in common?
A. Doing teaching jobs. B. Being hired as physicians.
C. Performing surgery. D. Being banned from medicine.
答案：C

22, How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?
A. She wrote a book. B. She went through trials.
C. She worked as a dentist. D. She had formal education.
答案：A

23, Who was the first African American with a medical degree?
A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B. Tan Yunxian.
C. James Barry. D. Rebcca Lee Crumpler.
答案：D